The role of information was clearly illustrated in a case study on folate biofortification of rice in China, where positive effects of folate-related information were often affected by negative effects of anti-GM or conflicting information. This toxic protein is only harmful to pests, but is safe for humans. One of such toxic proteins used for dusting crops is the European corn borer. The agricultural biotechnology sector (Ag Biotech) shares a common scientific foundation with the therapeutic biotechnology sector, including similar characteristics of a lengthy time to market for emerging products. Insects which are susceptible for this toxin ingest the transgenic crop cultivar expressing the precursor Bt protein, which binds to the insect gut wall and becomes activated in that alkaline environment. Patent pools have been used effectively by companies to expedite the development and diffusion of innovations that draw on many complementary technology components protected by multiple patents, which are owned by multiple technology developers. The technology has also been used to improve other ornamental plants such as shrubs and trees. Gene editing does not require the introduction of new gene sequences; rather, it can direct only one or two nucleotide changes in a plant genome and thus is exempt from the regulations that govern the production of genetically modified organisms. These applications will undoubtedly continue, but recombinant DNA technology is expected to expand horizons of biotechnological research and industry and, at the same time, give insights for a more specific and controlled use of microbes and microbial products. Products specifically for developing countries are more likely to come from public than private research. Several public sector and not-for-profit agricultural research institutions, including the University of California, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, North Carolina State University, The Ohio State University, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Michigan State University, Cornell University, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the University of Florida, the USDA, Rutgers University, Texas A&M University, and Purdue University, developed the Public Sector IP Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA). The intention of this chapter is to categorize confrontations within the system and possibilities how to minimize the risk of genetically modified organisms to the society. Likewise, biotech has been used to make improvements to other common ornamental plants, in particular, shrubs and trees.
Genetic engineering and enzyme optimization techniques are used to produce good-quality feed stocks for more efficient conversions and higher BTU outputs of the resultant bio-fuels. Expressing antibiotic proteins in livestock feed, fed directly to animals, is less costly than traditional antibiotic production, but this practice raises many bioethics issues because the result is widespread, possibly unnecessary use of antibiotics which may promote the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Looking back at history, this was always the case when governments argued that it would be unpatriotic to reject a new technology in the face of mounting challenges. Agronomic traits include improved crop yield and resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. Ethical moralists will agree that having GM food is as good as a GM drug. MAS enables plant breeders to identify better traits in plants more rapidly than conventional breeding alone is capable of. While this solved the problem of mass-producing the proteins, the program was shelved when scientists couldn't figure out how to spin them into fibers like spiders do. Briefly, genetic engineering involves the introduction of a novel trait into a crop through the manipulation of its genetic material. Genetic engineering and enzyme optimization techniques are being used to develop better quality feedstocks for more efficient conversion and higher BTU outputs of the resulting fuel products. Not to be confused with pest-resistance, these plants are tolerant of allowing farmers to kill surrounding weeds without harming their crop selectively. Artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and other associated technologies are used in managing the reproductive functions of an animal and influencing the traits of the resultant offspring.
Enhancing plant and animal traits through traditional methods like cross-pollination, grafting, and cross-breeding is time-consuming. Selective elimination of weeds saves farmers’ valuable time as compared to traditional methods of weeding. In addition, the ability to obtain the rights to use patented technologies has remained uncertain even for projects that have little commercial importance but, for example, may have large impacts in developing country agriculture. Gene cloning methods must also address species differences in the genetic code, the presence or absence of introns and post-translational modifications such as methylation. Moreover, the institutional, regulatory regimes, especially those that affect agricultural R&D IP, are also undergoing rapid change and providing enhanced incentives for applications of biotechnology in agriculture. Transgenic canola with enhanced vitamin E levels is a subject being studied.
According to the Mutant Variety Database, over 17 000 varieties of crops have been developed using mutagenesis breeding. More recently, agricultural biotechnology has expanded to improve human health, including the design of biofortified and functional food crops. The infrastructure of Borlag's green revolution is still in place and is well suited for implementation of advances in biotechnology.
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